Backing	Gives additional support for the claim by addressing different questions related to your claim.	Example: With greater fines and more education about the consequences, people might think twice about texting and driving.
Qualifier	The limits to the claim or an understanding that the claim is not true in all situations. Qualifiers add strength to claims because they help the audience understand the author does not expect her or his opinion to be true all of the time or for her or his ideas to work all of the time. If writers use qualifiers that are too broad, such as “always” or “never,” their claims can be really difficult to support. Qualifiers like “some” or “many” help limit the claim, which can add strength to the claim.	Example: There should be more laws to regulate texting while driving in order to cut down on some of the dangerous car accidents that happen each year.
Rebuttal	When the author addresses the opposing views. The author can use a rebuttal to pre-empt counter arguments, making the original argument stronger.	Example: Although police officers are busy already, making anti-texting laws a priority saves time, money, and lives. Local forces could add extra staff to address this important priority.

Source: Excelsior Online Writing Lab (OWL) 2025 under CC-BY 4.0